home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=89TT3106>
- <title>
- Nov. 27, 1989: Great Bubbles In The Cosmos
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Nov. 27, 1989 Art And Money
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 57
- Great Bubbles in the Cosmos
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A celestial map reveals clues to the Big Bang and invisible
- matter
- </p>
- <p>By Michael D. Lemonick
- </p>
- <p> For all their skill at finding and analyzing such bizarre
- objects as black holes, neutron stars and quasars, astronomers
- have so far failed to solve one of the most basic mysteries of
- the cosmos: What does the universe look like? The heavens appear
- just as two dimensional through powerful modern telescopes as
- they did to the eyes of the ancient Greeks, and until recently,
- no one could say for sure whether the myriad galaxies were
- organized in some meaningful way. Astrophysicists are fiercely
- competing to discover how the universe evolved into its present
- structure, but they cannot test their theories until they know
- what that structure is.
- </p>
- <p> Now astronomy's ignorance is rapidly being dispelled,
- thanks in large part to two researchers at the
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). Since 1985,
- Margaret Geller and John Huchra have been meticulously crafting
- a three-dimensional map that charts the positions of thousands
- of galaxies. Last week, in the journal Science, they presented
- their latest map of one small chunk of the visible universe, and
- the findings are startling.
- </p>
- <p> Far from being a uniformly distributed collection of
- galaxies, as the textbooks have long assumed, the cosmos seems
- to be organized into immense bubbles, each of them about 150
- million light-years across. The walls of the bubbles are
- galaxies, and the interiors appear to be virtually empty. Most
- surprising of all is a feature Geller and Huchra call the "Great
- Wall" -- a sheet of galaxies at least 200 million light-years
- wide, 500 million long and perhaps 15 million thick. It looks
- like a single structure, but the scientists say it may instead
- be made up of the walls of adjacent bubbles. Says Geller:
- "Because it runs off the edge of our survey, we don't know how
- big it really is."
- </p>
- <p> The CfA study is not the first to see dark voids and large
- conglomerations of galaxies, but it is by far the most
- comprehensive. The reason no one had done such a search
- earlier, says Huchra, is that galaxy mapping is extremely time
- consuming. Their survey of 4,000 galaxies took about 1,000 hours
- of telescope time.
- </p>
- <p> Huchra, who made the telescopic observations for the
- Harvard-Smithsonian team, used an instrument called a
- spectrograph to break down each galaxy's light into its
- constituent colors. Within the spectrum he could see lines
- representing various elements in and around the galaxy's stars.
- These lines appear to be shifted toward the red end of the
- spectrum, depending on how fast the galaxy is moving and thus
- how far away from earth it is. By carefully measuring the degree
- of red shift, Huchra and Geller calculated the relative
- positions of the galaxies.
- </p>
- <p> The results are posing something of a problem for
- theorists. Says Jeremiah Ostriker, chairman of Princeton's
- astrophysics department: "There is no theory using conventional
- physics that can explain these structures without causing other
- inconsistencies." Ostriker has coauthored a quite unconventional
- scenario involving hypothetical objects called cosmic strings.
- These strings, he believes, could generate explosive bursts of
- energy that would in turn create the bubbles.
- </p>
- <p> But another idea, called the cold dark matter theory, has
- gathered more support. This theory postulates an as yet
- undiscovered form of exotic subatomic particle that pervades
- the universe. The presence of this mysterious "dark matter"
- could explain why most galaxies -- including our Milky Way --
- seem, judging from measurements of gravitational forces, to
- contain about ten times as much invisible matter as they do
- visible stars, gas and dust. The existence of dark matter is
- needed to fill the gaps in some of the Grand Unified Theories
- that physicists have concocted to account for the fundamental
- structure of matter and energy.
- </p>
- <p> In particular, some scientists speculate that cold dark
- matter caused galaxies to form into the kind of bubbles Geller
- and Huchra have found. The process supposedly got under way 10
- billion to 20 billion years ago, when the universe began with
- the Big Bang and the energy from that explosion started to
- condense into matter. Since then, ordinary visible matter, by
- itself, has probably not had time to gather into enormous
- structures. But cold dark matter may have condensed first, and
- its gravitational force could have helped pull visible matter
- into bubbles and galaxies. In fact, recent computer simulations
- at Princeton of a universe dominated by cold dark matter look
- remarkably like the real one.
- </p>
- <p> But that theory received a jolt from another astronomical
- discovery announced this week. Scientists from Caltech,
- Princeton and the Institute for Advanced Study have detected the
- most distant quasar (an exceptionally bright starlike object)
- ever spotted. It is billions of light-years away, and the
- researchers estimate that it existed when the universe was only
- 7% of its present age. It is hard to explain how a quasar could
- be formed that early, even under the influence of cold dark
- matter.
- </p>
- <p> Another major mystery is the fact that the faint glow of
- microwaves left over from the Big Bang is almost completely
- uniform. The presence of large bubbles in the universe suggests
- that this microwave radiation should be much more uneven. More
- clues may come from the new Cosmic Background Explorer
- satellite, which is designed to measure radiation intensities
- as it orbits the earth in the coming year.
- </p>
- <p> In the meantime, the CfA study will go on, and other
- mapping efforts are in the works. "Big as it is," Geller
- explains, "our survey area compared with the visible universe
- is like Rhode Island compared with the surface of the earth."
- The bubbles and walls could be isolated phenomena. But, notes
- Geller: "Every survey ever done has contained structures as big
- as the survey could contain." If that trend continues, then
- there are larger objects yet to be found, which will give
- theorists even worse headaches. "These surveys test in the most
- acute way our conceptions of how structure developed in the
- universe," says Ostriker, "and for that reason they are possibly
- the most important studies in extragalactic astrophysics now.
- This is an exciting time to be in this field."
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-